The history of Egypt covers a huge time period, combining the history of the birth, development and extinction of an ancient civilization led by the pharaohs and a modern country, with the tourist industry and orthodox Islamic population .The first settlements appeared here for many millennia BC, in the prehistoric period .The reasons for choosing this particular territory and no other are very simple .Geographical and climatic features of this region were such that it was possible to survive only on the banks of the Nile River .
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The pre-dynastic period
The pre-dynastic period or the period before the beginning of the reign of the Pharaohs in Egypt is the first important stage in history, which lasted until 3100 BC. .e .It is at this time that an extremely important process is taking place: around the temples, the entire life of the settlements begins to concentrate, and a kind of mini-state is gradually being formed under the name "nom" .At the head of the nominees are the priests, who perform the function of rulers .The struggle for power between the priests leads to the emergence of two large groups in Upper and Lower Egypt, each of which unites about two dozen nomas .The ruler of Upper Egypt, who won in this battle for territories, and became the first pharaoh .His name was preserved in the history .Menes or Mina - the legendary founder of the first dynasty .
Pharaoh Times
The dynastic period lasted about three millennia. At least 30 dynasties of pharaohs have changed each other for this long time. The ancient kingdom, the Middle Kingdom, the New Kingdom and the Later Kingdom - all this refers to this period when the highest points in the development of Ancient Egypt were reached.
The first strong rulers able to effectively and fruitfully manage the country were the pharaohs of the III-VI dynasties .The capital was Memphis, founded by Menes on the border between Upper and Lower Egypt .Pharaohs become not just the governors of the gods on earth, they themselves become deities worshiped after death .It was at this time that the pyramids of Giza, the world's famous pyramids-the pyramids of Cheops, Chephren and Mikerin-and the Great Sphinx .In just 150 years of the reign of the III and IV dynasties, about 16 pyramids are being built .
The periods of prosperity in ancient Egypt were followed by periods of decline. There were at least three such transitional moments in the history of the country. The reasons for the weakening of the power of the pharaohs were completely different. Thus, during the Middle Kingdom, the Asiatic Hyksos tribes invade Egypt. Subsequently, the invaders are expelled from the territory, but the damage inflicted by the Hyksos leads to the Second Transitional Period.
| Mysterious Sphinx on guard of times |
| History of Egypt in the flesh |
| Fluffy future of Egypt |
New Kingdom
The peak of the heyday of Egyptian civilization is traditionally considered the New Kingdom .Moreover, virtually all known from the pages of books or from the screens of cinemas pharaohs and people from their entourage lived and ruled during this period .This is, above all, the famous Pharaoh Tutankhamun, a youth ruler who died at the age of 19 .The legend of his curse, according to which all those present at the opening of the tomb of Tutankhamun were to die, still haunts the imagination of many visitors to the pyramids .The woman-pharaoh Hatshepsut from the XVIII dynasty, the first widely known ruler in world history, portrayed in men's clothes and with a beard, and "The Most Beautiful Lady", the wife of Pharaoh Akhenaten, the magnificent Nefertiti also lived at that time .
Later the kingdom
Later, the kingdom was the last important stage in the dynastic period, which ended first with the conquest of Egypt by the Persian Empire, and then by the great Alexander of Macedon. After Alexander's death, Ptolemy Lah, founder of the Ptolemaic dynasty, takes possession of Egyptian territory. The most famous representative of this kind - Cleopatra, committed suicide and familiar to everyone in connection with the tragic love of the Roman commander Mark Antony.
The era of ancient dynasties has left an indelible mark on architecture and culture. After its termination, Egypt was captured by the Greeks, Arabs, Turks, British, French, but perhaps it was the Pharaohs who left the greatest and most mysterious heritage that is part of modern Egypt.